The Nitrogen Family Elements at a Glance

Author: Stefan Rockhausbr
Source: isnare.combr
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It is not known exactly when the practice of tattooing got started, but some evidence of tattoos have been found on Egyptian mummies back in 1300 B.C. Tattoos are made artistically on the skin by injecting a color into small holes in the skin. It does not matter who injects the color into the skin, but it is a fact that the mark of a tattoo is permanent. However due to several reasons, people take the help of physicians to remove tattoos.

Luckily, there are several successful ways to remove tattoos, which are being used by physicians. Nevertheless, in most cases some blemishes can remain visible on the skin. It depends on a number of factors such as size, location, and the time taken in the individual healing process. If the tattoo has been on the skin for a long time, then it may be difficult to remove.

The physician will choose a tattoo removal method after considering the size and length of the tattoo. He will also take into consideration the time that the tattoo has been on the skin.

Some of these widely used tattoo removal methods include:

Excision: This is one of the most popular tattoo removal methods, especially when the tattooed area is small. By using this method, tattoos can be removed completely from the skin. In order to remove large tattoos, the excision process is done in stages.

While performing this method, the tattooed area is first numbed, and then it is erased surgically. There may be minimal bleeding, but it can be controlled easily by using electrocautery.

Dermabrasion: Another tattoo removal procedure is known as the Dermabrasion Procedure. The tattooed area is sprayed with a solution to freeze it, and then the tattoo is rubbed down with a rotary abrasive tool, which results in the peeling of the skin. During this process, bleeding may occur, so it is a must that immediate dressings are applied to that area.

Laser: Nowadays, the laser technique is becoming popular among physicians, as it offers better results in a short time. Laser techniques such as Q-switched Nd: Yag, Q-switched Alexandrite and the Q-switched Ruby, are being used to remove tattoos.

A cream can be applied on the skin for numbing before the treatment begins, if required. After that, by using laser light technique, the pigment of the tattoo is broken and thereafter several weeks, scavenger cells of the body eliminate the treated pigment area. Generally, one may be required to have more than one laser treatment to erase the tattoo entirely.

Salabrasion: This is an ancient method to remove tattoos, but it is still used sometimes. Similar to other methods, anesthetic is used on the tattoo as well as on its surrounding area. After that, a solution of normal tap water and salt is applied on the skin. By using abrade equipment, the tattooed area is abraded strongly, and when the area becomes dark red, then a dressing is applied.

In conclusion, it does not matter which tattoo removal method you opt for, but one thing is definite – there will always remain some scarring or color variation.

It is always best to discuss with the physician the various methods available and their procedures. It is important that you clear all your doubts regarding the process before you go for it.br
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Author: Susan Emmettebr
Source: ezinearticles.combr
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As I get older now, I look back on my life and think about all the crazy things Ive done. Although a lot of people have them, my tattoo was one of the craziest things Ive ever done. My grandmother, who is a hard-core Southern Baptist, couldnt believe it when I came home with a tattoo. She didnt even talk to me for like a month. Well I hate to say it, I think she was right. Im not the only person to regret getting a tattoo. According to a recent poll by Harris interactive, 16% of people said that they regretted getting their tattoos as well. Of those 16%, the most common reason cited for regretting getting a tattoo, was being too young when they got the tattoo. So if youre wishing to get rid of a tattoo, what options do you have? About the only effective way to have a tattoo removed, is tattoo laser removal.

Tattoo laser removal, involved using multicolored lasers to break up the pigment in the skin. You say, its common for foreign particles to get embedded in your skin. These particles are small and your body has no trouble expelling them through the normal healing process. Tattoo pigments on the other hand are quite large, and the body cannot expel them, which is why they are permanent. Laser tattoo removal, by breaking up the pigments, makes it possible for your body to expel them. And the reason why different colored lasers are used, is that different colored pigments are receptive to different colors of laser. For example, red pigments are most susceptible to a green laser.

So what can you expect if you get laser tattoo removal? Well the first thing be prepared to pay more than what you paid to get the tattoo in the beginning. Treatment usually starts about $150-$300 per session. And thats another thing, youll need many sessions of laser treatment, to partially or completely remove the tattoo. While you can expect to see good results after about three treatments, most people can expect to go between 8 to 12 treatments. Another thing about laser tattoo removal, is that it is much more painful than getting the tattoo. Usually, a topical pain control cream is used.

While treatment sessions are usually spaced about eight weeks apart, you will need to take care of your tattoo in between sessions. After receiving treatment, there is likely to be some bleeding and swelling as well as some redness. After some time the tattoo may also crust over. Using an antibiotic ointment on your tattoo, can help to control infection as well as scarring.

Lastly, there are some complications involved with tattoo laser removal. For one thing it can cause scarring. It can also cause lightening of the skin. Just as the laser is effective on dark pigment, the laser can also be effective on the melanin in the skin. And then an opposite vein, something amiss like yellow tend to darken with laser treatment.

While most people who get tattoos, are happy with what they did, quite a few people want to remove their tattoos for one or more reasons. Some like the people in the poll above were too young when they got their tattoo. For others, the meaning of the tattoo is change. Of course we all know the story about the couple who had each others names tattooed on their skin and then later broke up. Others, perhaps were in a gang and got out and thus they want to have their gang tattoos removed. For whatever reason tattoo laser removal can be an effective way to not only get rid of tattoos, but to also restore a little self-confidence.

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pDid you know that most of the so-called wonder creams, be it for tattoo removal, weight less, a target=_new href=http://hubpages.com/hub/Breast-Enlargementssurgeryinfo rel=nofollowbreast enlargements/a, penis enlargement, and every other self-improvement ailments are a scam? Find out more about a target=_new href=http://hubpages.com/hub/Tattoo-Laser-Removal rel=nofollowtattoo laser removal/a and make sure your educated before you spend another dime./pbr
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Author: Johnathan Scott
Source: isnare.com

Simply put, yes, Nuviderm works. The active ingredient in Nuviderm, TCA, was tested during a 6 year study from 1979 through 1984 by British Cosmetic Surgeons T. A. Piggot and R.W. Norris. During the 6 year out-patient study 670 patients were treated resulting in a 85% success rate. Since that time the process has been refined resulting in a success rate in the 93% range when used as directed.

The purpose of the study was to find a less costly form of tattoo removal, and an alternative to derm- abrasion, surgical removal and laser removal which was in its early stage of development in the early 80′s. They were also looking for a method that would be less painful to the patient compared to the techniques used at the time.

TCA is a cosmetic acid that plays an important role in the gradual fading and removal of tattoo pigment in the skin. It is commonly used by Dermatologists to remove or reduce acne scars, blemishes and age spots. Cosmetic surgeons and health spas use TCA to remove fine lines, facial wrinkles, stretch marks and some scars.

Over the past few years attempts at other non-laser, non-surgical and non-dermabrasion tattoo removal methods have reached various stages of development without much success except, possibly, for IPL or Intense Pulsed Light. IPL has proven effective although it is currently cost prohibitive for most people and has a high risk of hypopigmentation. Some creams have been developed and marketed, but most of those contain ineffective herbal ingredients or Hydroquinone, a chemical thought to be carcinogenic and banned in some European and Asian countries and a precursor to Exogenous Ochronosis, a side effect of Hydroquinone that causes the skin to noticeably darken with prolonged use. There are two main tattoo removal creams on the market today, neither of which offer a money back guarantee as of the date of this writing. The lack of a guarantee indicates zero confidence in their own products. Also, the cost of these two products is significantly higher than any Nuviderm product and unlikely to produce any noticeable tattoo fading.

A new product on the market, which is a cream and contains no hydroquinone or TCA, claims to remove a tattoo in 4 months simply by using an exfoliation pad and applying their special cream which contains Alpha Arbutin, a product that inhibits the production of the enzyme tyrosinase which does nothing more than reduce the production of skin pigmentation, by limiting both melanin production (tan) and skin reddening (erythema). In other words it works much the same way as hydroquinone, a carcenogenic skin lightening agent but has zero effect on tattoo pigment that has been injected into the skin to form the tattoo. Tattoo removal creams will have no more effect on removing a tattoo than than an exfoliating pad and soap.

Nuviderm, on the other hand, has been medically tested and proven effective as an easy to use in home tattoo removal product that offers an effective and affordable substitute for laser tattoo removal.

Johnathan Scott has been in tattoo business for over 20 years both as a tattoo artist and an expert at tattoo removal techniques. He currently serves as the in house expert on tattoo removal at Nuviderm

Author: Barry Lycka
Source: ezinearticles.com

Tattooing, which is defined as the permanent insertion of ink or other pigments below the skin using a sharp instrument, has been used for cosmetic and ritual purposes since the Neolithic era. It has been used to identify criminals, invoke magical powers and, most recently, to adorn the skin with colorful designs in what has become a major trend.

Indeed, a recent telephone survey done by the American Academy of Dermatology reports that 36 percent of people between the ages of 18 and 29 are tattooed, and 24 percent of people between the ages of 18 and 50 have been inked. This represents a 16 percent increase over a similar survey done in 2003!

But what happens when that tattoo you thought was so cool 20 years ago just isn’t cool anymore?

Yes, tattooing has been around a long time, and something that has always gone along with tattoos since the very beginning is the desire to remove them. Whether the desire to remove the tattoo is a result of social, cultural, or physical reasons, people go to great lengths to get the job done.

Early techniques for removing tattoos included painful and scarring procedures such as sanding, cutting, and burning the skin. Unless you were willing to go to these lengths, tattoos were seen as permanent and irreversible. However, thanks to medical advances in the field of dermatology, surgeons are now able to remove tattoos safely and effectively.

Methods for tattoo removal today include dermabrasion, surgical excision, salabrasion, chemical peels, and laser surgery. Let’s examine how tattoos are removed with each of these methods.

Dermabrasion

With dermabrasion, the surface and middle layers of the skin are “sanded” away with a hand-held scraping or sanding tool. This process removes the pigmented skin and encourages the growth of new skin.

Dermabrasion is not for everyone. If the tattoo is old, or if the ink has been injected into the subcutaneous fat, dermabrasion may not work. Also, if the tattoo was done by an amateur and the ink is deposited at varying depths in the skin, complete removal may be difficult.

Side effects include skin discoloration, infection at the site of the tattoo, and scarring from repeated scraping and sanding. Complete removal of all the ink is not always possible.

Until laser surgery was introduced, dermabrasion was considered one of the most popular and effective ways of removing tattoos.

Surgical Excision

Surgical excision is performed under general anesthesia. During the process, the surgeon literally cuts the tattoo out of the skin, and closes the wound with sutures. This technique is more suitable for smaller tattoos.

This is one of the more invasive tattoo removal procedures, and complications include swelling, infection, and scarring.

Chemical Peel

A chemical peel, during which trichloracetic acid is usually used, progressively removes layers of skin, and eventually the tattoo.

Depending upon the age of the tattoo, and whether the ink is evenly distributed, it is not guaranteed that a chemical peel will completely remove a tattoo. Chemical peels can also cause permanent damage to the skin, such as lightening where the design used to be, or scarring.

Salibrasion

Salibrasion is perhaps one of the oldest methods of tattoo removal, and requires the skin to be “sanded” with salt. A local anesthetic is usually injected around the design, and the skin is aggressively rubbed with salt or a salt sanding block.

Complete tattoo removal can’t be guaranteed, and the procedure can leave the patient with raw, red, burned skin. Scarring is also a possibility with this method.

Laser Treatment

Laser treatment was introduced in the 1980s, and presented the best alternative to tattoo removal. The CO2 laser beam was used to vaporize the ink and the overlying skin, and was less painful, safer, and much easier than other techniques. However, the technique was not perfect. The healing process was long, there was considerable risk of scarring, and in almost all cases a faint image of the tattoo was left behind.

Q-Switched Lasers

Q-Switched Lasers were introduced about 10 years ago, and have been shown to be the most effective way to date to remove tattoos. Q-switched lasers emit light in very short but powerful flashes, which pass through the skin and break up the tattoo pigment.

Because the absorption of the laser light affects the energy’s ability to break up the pigment, different types of q-switched lasers are best used on different colors of pigment.
There are four different types of q-switched lasers:

1.Q-switched ruby lasers have a red light and are effective on most black, blue, and green pigments.

2. Q-switched alexandrite lasers emit a deep red light and are effective for most black, blue, and green pigments.

3. Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers emit an infrared light and are effective on most black and dark blue pigments.

4. Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers emit a green light and are effective on most red, black, dark blue, and purple pigments.

While tattoo removal with q-switched lasers is completely safe, patients usually experience discomfort on the same scale as receiving the tattoo. A topical anesthetic can be applied one to three hours before treatment. The more treatments the patient has the less pain he or she will feel, as there will be less pigment to absorb the laser energy.

Antibiotic ointment and a light dressing are applied to the area after treatment and normal activity, including showering, can resume the next day. Light blistering or bleeding following the treatment is normal and should subside within a day or two.

All tattoos will require more than one treatment, the average being between five and 10 treatments depending upon the depth of the tattoo, the colors used, the location of the tattoo, and the health of the patient. Fading of the tattoo should be evident about two weeks after treatment, and another treatment can be done as soon as a month later.

While scarring will not occur as a result of q-switched lasers, mild skin texture changes can occur. Darker skinned patients may also experience some skin lightening, though this is usually temporary.

Is it guaranteed that the tattoo will completely disappear when treated with a q-switched laser? Well, because more than 100 tattoo inks are used today, and none of them are regulated by the FDA, it is impossible to predict how a particular ink will respond to laser treatment. However, in most cases the tattoo will completely disappear.

To find a physician board-certified in laser surgery who removes tattoos look in the yellow pages under Cosmetic or Laser Surgery, and/or Tattoo Removal. Or contact the Ethical Cosmetic Surgery Association to find a practitioner in your area.

Dr. Barry Lycka is the President of http://www.LesTout.com and one of the foremost cosmetic dermatologists in North America.